Enum: Study Design (EnumStudyDesign)

Approaches for collecting data, investigating interventions, and/or analyzing data.

URI: [includedcc:EnumStudyDesign](https://includedcc.org/include-access-model/EnumStudyDesign) ## Enumeration Source **Reachable From:** - **Source:** NONE - **Nodes:** mesh:D016021, mesh:D052182 - **Via:** rdfs:subClassOf ## Permissible Values | Value | Meaning | Description | Additional Info | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | mesh:D003430 | mesh:D003430 | Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related v... | Title: Cross-Sectional Studies
| | mesh:D005500 | mesh:D005500 | Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcom... | Title: Follow-Up Studies
| | mesh:D008137 | mesh:D008137 | Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals ... | Title: Longitudinal Studies
| | mesh:D011446 | mesh:D011446 | Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a suffici... | Title: Prospective Studies
| | mesh:D012189 | mesh:D012189 | Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposu... | Title: Retrospective Studies
| | mesh:D015331 | mesh:D015331 | Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified | Title: Cohort Studies
| | mesh:D015528 | mesh:D015528 | Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is pr... | Title: HIV Seroprevalence
| | mesh:D016022 | mesh:D016022 | Comparisons that start with the identification of persons with the disease or... | Title: Case-Control Studies
| | mesh:D016036 | mesh:D016036 | EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of c... | Title: Seroepidemiologic Studies
| | mesh:D063588 | mesh:D063588 | Longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in gr... | Title: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
| | mesh:D065186 | mesh:D065186 | A study that uses observations at multiple time points before and after an in... | Title: Interrupted Time Series Analysis
| | mesh:D065187 | mesh:D065187 | A study in which observations are made before and after an intervention, both... | Title: Controlled Before-After Studies
| | mesh:D065386 | mesh:D065386 | A study that compares a group of participants receiving an intervention with ... | Title: Historically Controlled Study
| | mesh:D000068397 | mesh:D000068397 | A work that reports on the results of a research study to evaluate interventi... | Title: Clinical Study
| | mesh:D000073843 | mesh:D000073843 | Trial that aims to show a new treatment is no better and no worse than the st... | Title: Equivalence Trial
| | mesh:D000076362 | mesh:D000076362 | Clinical study in which a prospectively planned opportunity is included to mo... | Title: Adaptive Clinical Trial
| | mesh:D000077522 | mesh:D000077522 | A work in which animal participants are assigned to receive one or more inter... | Title: Clinical Trial, Veterinary
| | mesh:D000078182 | mesh:D000078182 | A review of primary literature in health and health policy that attempts to i... | Title: Systematic Review
| | mesh:D000078323 | mesh:D000078323 | Reports on studies of the results of a clinical study in which animal subject... | Title: Observational Study, Veterinary
| | mesh:D000078325 | mesh:D000078325 | The written description of a clinical study | Title: Clinical Trial Protocol
| | mesh:D000081262 | mesh:D000081262 | A work that reports on a clinical trial with animal subjects that involves at... | Title: Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary
| | mesh:D000098368 | mesh:D000098368 | Trials in which participants are intentionally challenged (whether or not the... | Title: Human Challenge Trials
| | mesh:D000098583 | mesh:D000098583 | Review to identify knowledge gaps, scope a body of literature, clarify concep... | Title: Scoping Review
| | mesh:D000099094 | mesh:D000099094 | Works consisting of meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of ... | Title: Network Meta-Analysis
| | mesh:D002363 | mesh:D002363 | Clinical presentations that may be followed by evaluative studies that eventu... | Title: Case Reports
| | mesh:D003160 | mesh:D003160 | Comparison of outcomes, results, responses, etc for different techniques, the... | Title: Comparative Study
| | mesh:D016426 | mesh:D016426 | Work consisting of reports by the United States Office of Research Integrity,... | Title: Scientific Integrity Review
| | mesh:D016429 | mesh:D016429 | Work that consists of a conference of physicians on their observations of a p... | Title: Clinical Conference
| | mesh:D016430 | mesh:D016430 | A work that reports on the results of a clinical study in which participants ... | Title: Clinical Trial
| | mesh:D016446 | mesh:D016446 | Official statements of the findings or recommendations expressing the outcome... | Title: Consensus Development Conference
| | mesh:D016447 | mesh:D016447 | Official statements of the finding or recommendations expressing the outcome ... | Title: Consensus Development Conference, NIH
| | mesh:D016448 | mesh:D016448 | A work that reports on a study executed by several cooperating institutions | Title: Multicenter Study
| | mesh:D016449 | mesh:D016449 | A work that reports on a clinical trial that involves at least one test treat... | Title: Randomized Controlled Trial
| | mesh:D017418 | mesh:D017418 | Works consisting of studies using a quantitative method of combining the resu... | Title: Meta-Analysis
| | mesh:D017426 | mesh:D017426 | Work that is the report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study ... | Title: Clinical Trial, Phase I
| | mesh:D017427 | mesh:D017427 | Work that is a report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of... | Title: Clinical Trial, Phase II
| | mesh:D017428 | mesh:D017428 | Work that is a report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of... | Title: Clinical Trial, Phase III
| | mesh:D017429 | mesh:D017429 | Work that is a report of a planned post-marketing study of diagnostic, therap... | Title: Clinical Trial, Phase IV
| | mesh:D018486 | mesh:D018486 | Work consisting of reporting using a method of detecting genetic causes in hu... | Title: Twin Study
| | mesh:D018848 | mesh:D018848 | A work that reports on a clinical trial involving one or more test treatments... | Title: Controlled Clinical Trial
| | mesh:D023361 | mesh:D023361 | Works consisting of research using processes by which the reliability and rel... | Title: Validation Study
| | mesh:D023362 | mesh:D023362 | Works consisting of studies determining the effectiveness or utility of proce... | Title: Evaluation Study
| | mesh:D064888 | mesh:D064888 | A work that reports on the results of a clinical study in which participants ... | Title: Observational Study
| | mesh:D065007 | mesh:D065007 | Randomized clinical trials that compare interventions in clinical settings an... | Title: Pragmatic Clinical Trial
| ## Identifier and Mapping Information ### Schema Source * from schema: https://includedcc.org/include-access-model ## LinkML Source

name: EnumStudyDesign
description: Approaches for collecting data, investigating interventions, and/or analyzing
  data.
title: Study Design
from_schema: https://includedcc.org/include-access-model
rank: 1000
permissible_values:
  mesh:D003430:
    text: mesh:D003430
    description: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related
      variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative
      sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which
      are followed over a period of time.
    meaning: mesh:D003430
    title: Cross-Sectional Studies
  mesh:D005500:
    text: mesh:D005500
    description: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess
      the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g.,
      occurrence of disease.
    meaning: mesh:D005500
    title: Follow-Up Studies
  mesh:D008137:
    text: mesh:D008137
    description: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of
      individuals are assessed over a period of time.
    meaning: mesh:D008137
    title: Longitudinal Studies
  mesh:D011446:
    text: mesh:D011446
    description: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over
      a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent
      to the selection of the study group.
    meaning: mesh:D011446
    title: Prospective Studies
  mesh:D012189:
    text: mesh:D012189
    description: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about
      an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics
      of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential
      feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome
      of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected
      persons.
    meaning: mesh:D012189
    title: Retrospective Studies
  mesh:D015331:
    text: mesh:D015331
    description: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified.
      These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence
      the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome.
      Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt
      to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
    meaning: mesh:D015331
    title: Cohort Studies
  mesh:D015528:
    text: mesh:D015528
    description: Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. The presence
      in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the
      serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY).
    meaning: mesh:D015528
    title: HIV Seroprevalence
  mesh:D016022:
    text: mesh:D016022
    description: Comparisons that start with the identification of persons with the
      disease or outcome of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without
      the disease or outcome of interest. The relationship of an attribute is examined
      by comparing both groups with regard to the frequency or levels of outcome over
      time.
    meaning: mesh:D016022
    title: Case-Control Studies
  mesh:D016036:
    text: mesh:D016036
    description: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological
      testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES.
      Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition
      to clinically overt cases.
    meaning: mesh:D016036
    title: Seroepidemiologic Studies
  mesh:D063588:
    text: mesh:D063588
    description: Longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents
      in grades 7-12 in the United States during the 1994-95 school year. The Add
      Health cohort has been followed into young adulthood. (from http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth
      accessed 08/2012)
    meaning: mesh:D063588
    title: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
  mesh:D065186:
    text: mesh:D065186
    description: A study that uses observations at multiple time points before and
      after an intervention (the interruption), in an attempt to detect whether the
      intervention has had an effect significantly greater than any underlying trend
      over time.
    meaning: mesh:D065186
    title: Interrupted Time Series Analysis
  mesh:D065187:
    text: mesh:D065187
    description: A study in which observations are made before and after an intervention,
      both in a group that receives the intervention and in a control group that does
      not.
    meaning: mesh:D065187
    title: Controlled Before-After Studies
  mesh:D065386:
    text: mesh:D065386
    description: A study that compares a group of participants receiving an intervention
      with a similar group from the past who did not.
    meaning: mesh:D065386
    title: Historically Controlled Study
  mesh:D000068397:
    text: mesh:D000068397
    description: A work that reports on the results of a research study to evaluate
      interventions or exposures on biomedical or health-related outcomes.  The two
      main types of clinical studies are interventional studies (clinical trials)
      and observational studies. While most clinical studies concern humans, this
      publication type may be used for clinical veterinary articles meeting the requisites
      for humans.
    meaning: mesh:D000068397
    title: Clinical Study
  mesh:D000073843:
    text: mesh:D000073843
    description: Trial that aims to show a new treatment is no better and no worse
      than the standard treatment.
    meaning: mesh:D000073843
    title: Equivalence Trial
  mesh:D000076362:
    text: mesh:D000076362
    description: Clinical study in which a prospectively planned opportunity is included
      to modify trial designs and hypotheses based on analysis of data from subjects
      in the study.
    meaning: mesh:D000076362
    title: Adaptive Clinical Trial
  mesh:D000077522:
    text: mesh:D000077522
    description: A work in which animal participants are assigned to receive one or
      more interventions so that researchers can evaluate the interventions on biomedical
      or health-related outcomes. The assignments are determined by the study protocol.
    meaning: mesh:D000077522
    title: Clinical Trial, Veterinary
  mesh:D000078182:
    text: mesh:D000078182
    description: A review of primary literature in health and health policy that attempts
      to identify, appraise, and synthesize all the empirical evidence that meets
      specified eligibility criteria to answer a given research question.  Its conduct
      uses explicit methods aimed at minimizing bias in order to produce more reliable
      findings regarding the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment, and
      rehabilitation that can be used to inform decision making.
    meaning: mesh:D000078182
    title: Systematic Review
  mesh:D000078323:
    text: mesh:D000078323
    description: Reports on studies of the results of a clinical study in which animal
      subjects may receive diagnostic, therapeutic, or other types of interventions,
      where the investigator does not assign participants to specific interventions.
    meaning: mesh:D000078323
    title: Observational Study, Veterinary
  mesh:D000078325:
    text: mesh:D000078325
    description: The written description of a clinical study. It contains the study's
      objectives, design, and methods including subject target and/or enrollment criteria.
      It may also present relevant scientific background and statistical information.
    meaning: mesh:D000078325
    title: Clinical Trial Protocol
  mesh:D000081262:
    text: mesh:D000081262
    description: A work that reports on a clinical trial with animal subjects that
      involves at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment
      and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments
      to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers
      table.
    meaning: mesh:D000081262
    title: Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary
  mesh:D000098368:
    text: mesh:D000098368
    description: Trials in which participants are intentionally challenged (whether
      or not they have been vaccinated) with exposure to an infectious disease organism.
    meaning: mesh:D000098368
    title: Human Challenge Trials
  mesh:D000098583:
    text: mesh:D000098583
    description: Review to identify knowledge gaps, scope a body of literature, clarify
      concepts or to investigate research conduct.
    meaning: mesh:D000098583
    title: Scoping Review
  mesh:D000099094:
    text: mesh:D000099094
    description: Works consisting of meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates
      of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network
      of interventions that may or may not have been evaluated directly against each
      other. Common considerations in network meta-analysis include conceptual and
      statistical heterogeneity and incoherence.
    meaning: mesh:D000099094
    title: Network Meta-Analysis
  mesh:D002363:
    text: mesh:D002363
    description: Clinical presentations that may be followed by evaluative studies
      that eventually lead to a diagnosis.
    meaning: mesh:D002363
    title: Case Reports
  mesh:D003160:
    text: mesh:D003160
    description: Comparison of outcomes, results, responses, etc for different techniques,
      therapeutic approaches or other inputs.
    meaning: mesh:D003160
    title: Comparative Study
  mesh:D016426:
    text: mesh:D016426
    description: Work consisting of reports by the United States Office of Research
      Integrity, identifying questionable research published in articles or books.
      Notification of the questionable data is carried in the NIH Guide for Grants
      and Contracts.
    meaning: mesh:D016426
    title: Scientific Integrity Review
  mesh:D016429:
    text: mesh:D016429
    description: Work that consists of a conference of physicians on their observations
      of a patient at the bedside, regarding the physical state, laboratory and other
      diagnostic findings, clinical manifestations, results of current therapy, etc.
      A clinical conference usually ends with a confirmation or correction of clinical
      findings by a pathological diagnosis performed by a pathologist. Clinical conference
      is often referred to as a clinico-pathological conference.
    meaning: mesh:D016429
    title: Clinical Conference
  mesh:D016430:
    text: mesh:D016430
    description: A work that reports on the results of a clinical study in which participants
      are assigned to receive one or more interventions so that researchers can evaluate
      the interventions on biomedical or health-related outcomes. The assignments
      are determined by the study protocol. Participants may receive diagnostic, therapeutic,
      or other types of interventions. For clinical trials on  veterinary animals
      see CLINICAL TRIAL, VETERINARY. Clinical Trials was used for both humans and
      non-humans prior to 2019.
    meaning: mesh:D016430
    title: Clinical Trial
  mesh:D016446:
    text: mesh:D016446
    description: Official statements of the findings or recommendations expressing
      the outcome of a meeting convened to evaluate current thought and research on
      a subject of interest.
    meaning: mesh:D016446
    title: Consensus Development Conference
  mesh:D016447:
    text: mesh:D016447
    description: Official statements of the finding or recommendations expressing
      the outcome from a conference sponsored by NIH.
    meaning: mesh:D016447
    title: Consensus Development Conference, NIH
  mesh:D016448:
    text: mesh:D016448
    description: A work that reports on a study executed by several cooperating institutions.
    meaning: mesh:D016448
    title: Multicenter Study
  mesh:D016449:
    text: mesh:D016449
    description: A work that reports on a clinical trial that involves at least one
      test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up
      of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered
      are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
    meaning: mesh:D016449
    title: Randomized Controlled Trial
  mesh:D017418:
    text: mesh:D017418
    description: Works consisting of studies using a quantitative method of combining
      the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature)
      and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic
      effectiveness, plan new studies, etc. It is often an overview of clinical trials.
      It is usually called a meta-analysis by the author or sponsoring body and should
      be differentiated from reviews of literature.
    meaning: mesh:D017418
    title: Meta-Analysis
  mesh:D017426:
    text: mesh:D017426
    description: Work that is the report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical
      study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic
      drugs, devices, or techniques based on a small number of healthy persons and
      conducted over the period of about a year in either the United States or a foreign
      country.
    meaning: mesh:D017426
    title: Clinical Trial, Phase I
  mesh:D017427:
    text: mesh:D017427
    description: Work that is a report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical
      study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic
      drugs, devices, or techniques based on several hundred volunteers, including
      a limited number of patients, and conducted over a period of about two years
      in either the United States or a foreign country.
    meaning: mesh:D017427
    title: Clinical Trial, Phase II
  mesh:D017428:
    text: mesh:D017428
    description: Work that is a report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical
      study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic
      drugs, devices, or techniques after phase II trials. A large enough group of
      patients is studied and closely monitored by physicians for adverse response
      to long-term exposure, over a period of about three years in either the United
      States or a foreign country.
    meaning: mesh:D017428
    title: Clinical Trial, Phase III
  mesh:D017429:
    text: mesh:D017429
    description: Work that is a report of a planned post-marketing study of diagnostic,
      therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved
      for general sale after clinical trials, phases I, II, and III. These studies,
      conducted in the United States or a foreign country, often garner additional
      data about the safety and efficacy of a product.
    meaning: mesh:D017429
    title: Clinical Trial, Phase IV
  mesh:D018486:
    text: mesh:D018486
    description: Work consisting of reporting using a method of detecting genetic
      causes in human traits and genetic factors in behavior using sets of twins.
    meaning: mesh:D018486
    title: Twin Study
  mesh:D018848:
    text: mesh:D018848
    description: A work that reports on a clinical trial involving one or more test
      treatments, at least one control treatment, specified outcome measures for evaluating
      the studied intervention, and a bias-free method for assigning patients to the
      test treatment. The treatment may be drugs, devices, or procedures studied for
      diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic effectiveness. Control measures include
      placebos, active medicine, no-treatment, dosage forms and regimens, historical
      comparisons, etc. When randomization using mathematical techniques, such as
      the use of a random numbers table, is employed to assign patients to test or
      control treatments, the trial is characterized as a RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL.
    meaning: mesh:D018848
    title: Controlled Clinical Trial
  mesh:D023361:
    text: mesh:D023361
    description: Works consisting of research using processes by which the reliability
      and relevance of a procedure for a specific purpose are established.
    meaning: mesh:D023361
    title: Validation Study
  mesh:D023362:
    text: mesh:D023362
    description: Works consisting of studies determining the effectiveness or utility
      of processes, personnel, and equipment.
    meaning: mesh:D023362
    title: Evaluation Study
  mesh:D064888:
    text: mesh:D064888
    description: A work that reports on the results of a clinical study in which participants
      may receive diagnostic, therapeutic, or other types of interventions, but the
      investigator does not assign participants to specific interventions (as in an
      interventional study).
    meaning: mesh:D064888
    title: Observational Study
  mesh:D065007:
    text: mesh:D065007
    description: Randomized clinical trials that compare interventions in clinical
      settings and which look at a range of effectiveness outcomes and impacts.
    meaning: mesh:D065007
    title: Pragmatic Clinical Trial
reachable_from:
  source_ontology: bioregistry:mesh
  source_nodes:
  - mesh:D016021
  - mesh:D052182
  relationship_types:
  - rdfs:subClassOf
  is_direct: false
  include_self: false